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First-layer problems: bed, temperature and adhesion
Most failed prints are lost in the first layer. Get three things right — nozzle distance, bed temperature and a clean surface — and the rest usually follows.
Nozzle distance
The first layer should be neither squashed nor floating. When it is right the lines merge side by side with no gaps visible from above. Too close leaves nozzle marks; too far gives you spaghetti.
Bed temperatures
- PLA / PLA+: 55–60 °C
- PETG: 70–80 °C
- ABS / ASA: 95–110 °C (enclosure required)
- TPU: 40–50 °C
A clean surface
The oil from a fingerprint alone is enough to stop PLA sticking. Wash the plate with warm soapy water, and wipe it with isopropyl alcohol every couple of prints. Glue stick only helps on an already clean surface.
Slow down
Printing the first layer at 20–25 mm/s solves most adhesion problems without changing anything else.
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