How colour transition works in rainbow and gradient filament
In colour-shifting filament the colour is decided during manufacturing, not during printing. Pigment is changed gradually along the length of the strand, so what governs the transition in your part is simply how many metres of filament it consumes.
Gradient versus rainbow
In the gradient series the transition is long: one colour blends into the next over tens of metres, so a large part shows a single colour journey. In the rainbow series the interval is short and several colour bands appear on the same part.
Part size decides the effect
Small part (little filament): may look like a single colour
Medium part: one smooth transition
Tall, thin part (vase mode): bands stepping up layer by layer
Printing the same model at two sizes gives two completely different looks; vase mode shows the effect at its strongest.
For predictable results
If you print several parts on one plate the colour marches on and each part comes out in a different shade. Print them one at a time if you want them to match.